QA Nationalism in india..

 [4/27/2023, 17:14] Hema: Good Evening

Chapter: The Nationalism in India 

Answer the following questions

Q. Explain the impact of World War 1 in India.

Ans. The First World War created a new economic and political situation.

• It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes

• customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

• Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

• Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

• Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.

• This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.

• According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

Q. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji. 

Answer:

1 Satyagraha emphasised truth. 

2 Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. 

3 A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. 

4 People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth.

 5 Truth was bound to ultimately triumph. 

6 Gandhiji believed that dharma of non-violence could unite all India.

[4/27/2023, 17:14] Hema: Good Evening

Chapter 2

Nationalism in India

Answer the following questions

Q Explain the reaction of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. 

Answer:

Reaction of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act of 1919:

1 Rallies were organized against this Act.

2 Railways, workshops and shops closed down.

3 The procession in Amritsar provoked widespread attacks on buses, post offices, railway stations, telegraphic lines, etc.

4 On 6th April Gandhiji held Hartal against this unjust law (Rowlatt Act).

5 The peaceful demonstration in Jallianwala Bagh led to a violent movement all across the country.

Q.Why was Gandhiji decided to call off the Rowlett Satyagraha?

Answer

A. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlett Act

(1919)

B. On 13 April the famous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. As the news of

Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowd took to the streets in many north Indian towns.

C. There were strikes, classes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

D. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate andterrorize people.

E. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, anddo salute to all sahibs.

F. People were flogged and village around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan

were bombed.

G. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called of the movement

Q Explain the infamous incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Answer 

• The Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13th April.

● A group of villagers had come to Amritsar to attend a fair and had gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.

● Since they did not belong to the city, they were unaware of the Martial Law that was imposed.

● General Dyer entered the area, closed all the exits and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds of people.

● His objective was to produce a moral effect to create a feeling of terror in the minds of the Satyagrahis

Q.What were three proposals regarding Non- Cooperation movement, as suggested

by Mahatma Gandhi?

Ans.

A. The movement was to be unfolded in stages.

B. It should begin with the surrender of titles awarded by the government and boycott

of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative council, schools and foreign goods.

C. Then, In case the government used repression, a civil disobedience movement

would be launched.

Q. Highlight the effects of Non Cooperation movement on the economy of India.

Ans.

1 The effect of non co-operation on the economic front was more dramatic. 

2 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.

3 The import of foreign cloths halved between 1921 and 1922 its value dropping from Rs

102 crore to Rs 57 crore. 

4 In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in

foreign goods or finance foreign trade. 

5 As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian

textiles mills and handlooms went up.

Q.Elaborate the contribution of Allaouri Sita Ram Raju in the nationalist movement

of India.

Ans.

A. Alluri Sita Ram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make

correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet

shots.

B. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Rajju

talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non

Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadhi and giving up

drinking.

C. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of

force, not non-violence.

D. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and

carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed

in 1924, and over the time became a folk hero.

[4/27/2023, 17:14] Hema: Q. Explain the reaction of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. 

Answer:

Reaction of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act of 1919:

Rallies were organized against this Act.

Railways, workshops and shops closed down.

The procession in Amritsar provoked widespread attacks on buses, post offices, railway stations, telegraphic lines, etc.

On 6th April Gandhiji held Hartal against this unjust law (Rowlatt Act).

The peaceful demonstration in Jallianwala Bagh led to a violent movement all across the country.

Q. Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh. 

Answer:

Three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh were:

1 Talukdars and landlords demanded exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other taxes from the peasants.

2 Peasants had to do begar and work at the landlords’ farms without any payment.

3. As tenants they had no security of tenure and were being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land.

Q. Why did Non-cooperation Movement gradually slow down in cities? Explain any three reasons. 

Answer:

The Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in cities for a variety of reasons:

Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long.

Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up.

So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

[4/27/2023, 17:16] Hema: Good morning 

Chapter 2

Answer the following questions

Q Who had designed the ‘swaraj flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of this ‘swaraj flag’. 

Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ by 1921.

Main features of the ‘Swaraj Flag’:

1 It had tricolours — Red, Green and White.

2 It had a spinning wheel in the centre.

3 It represents the Gandhian idea of self-help.

4 Carrying the flag during marches had become a symbol of defiance and a sense of collective belonging.

Q How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain.

 Answer:

Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belongingness:

(i) Use of figures or images. The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism.

(ii) Indian folklore. Nationalists started recording and using folklores and tales, which they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation of these became a way to discover one’s national identity’ and restore a sense of price in one’s past.

(iii) Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags. Carrying the tricolour flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging.

(iv) Reinterpretation of history. Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the colonisers.

All these techniques were used to bring the Indian people together against the common enemy.

Q Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle. 

Answer:

History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols—all played an important role in creating a sense of collective belonging leading to the growth of nationalism.

1. Image of Bharat Mata:

With the growth of nationalism, the identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

Moved by the Swadeshi Movement, Rabindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata. The identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with this image. She was portrayed as an ascetic figure—calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

Later this image was painted by many other artists which acquired different forms. This image was circulated in popular prints and devotion to this mother figure was seen as a sign of nationalism.

2. Reinterpretation of History:

The glorification of developments in ancient India in the fields of art and architecture, Science and Mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, craft and trade had also helped in the growth of nationalism.

These nationalist histories encouraged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievement in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions (cultural and economic decline) of life under the British rule.

3. Indian Folklore:

Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.

Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of traditional culture, which had been damaged by outside forces.

In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths to revive folk culture.

In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India