Q and Ans: Manufacturing Industries

Chapter: Manufacturing Industries

 Q. Explain how do industries cause air pollution.

Answer:

Air pollution is caused by the industries in the following ways:

The presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon

monoxide in the smoke emitted from the industries causes air pollution.

Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants,

and burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms.

Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist

and smoke.

Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects, e.g., Bhopal gas leak tragedy.

Q. Suggest measures to control air pollution caused by industries.

Answer:

Measures to control air pollution:

(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with fabric

filters, electrostatic precipitators etc.

(ii) Equipments to control aerosol emissions can be used in industries, e.g., electrostatic

precipitators, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(iii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Q. How are water bodies polluted by industries?

Answer (a) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and

affluents discharged

into rivers.

Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents, acids and salts.

Heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with

carbon, plastics and rubber etc. discharged in the water bodies without treatment pollute

these water bodies.

Solid wastes, e.g., fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags, etc. and wastes from

nuclear power plants cause water pollution.

Dumping of harmful chemicals and industrial effluents etc. on the land causes rain-water to

percolate. As a result, these pollutants contaminate ground water.

Q.Suggest measures to control water pollution caused by industries.

Answer:

Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more

successive stages.

Harvesting of rain-water to meet water requirements of industries and other domestic

purposes.

Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds in the following

ways:-

Primary treatment by mechanical means such as screening, grinding, flocculation and

sedimentation.

Secondary treatment by biological process.

Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of

waste water.

Q. What is noise pollution? Write its effects on human health and suggest ways to reduce

industrial noise pollution.

Answer:

Noise pollution: Unwanted loud noise is an irritant and a source of stress.

Effects of noise pollution on human health:

Noise pollution results in irritation and anger.

It can cause hearing impairment.

It can increase heart rate.

It can raise blood pressure.

There can be physiological effects as well.

Ways to reduce industrial noise pollution:

Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers.

Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Q. How do industries pollute environment? Explain with five examples.

Answer:

The five types of industrial pollution are:

Air pollution- Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and

smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms. Air-borne

particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.

Water pollution- Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents, acids and salts. Heavy metals

like lead and mercury, pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics

and rubber etc. discharged in the water bodies without treatment pollute these water bodies.

Noise pollution- The generators, compressors, machines, furnaces, looms, exhaust fans,

etc. used by industries create a lot of noise. Noise can raise blood pressure and can have

physiological effects as well.

Land pollution- Land and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of industrial wastes

especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and garbage renders

the soil useless.

Thermal pollution- Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production

facilities cause cancer and birth defects.

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Q. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation

(NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources?

Answer:

NTPC is taking the following measures in places where it is setting up power plants:

Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing

equipment.

Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.

Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling

system and liquid waste management.

Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base management for all its power stations.

Q. Name two groups into which the chemical industry is usually classified. What is the main

difference in their locations over space and why?

Answer:

The two groups are:

Inorganic chemical industry

Organic chemical industry.

Inorganic chemical industries are widely spread over the country because they use inorganic

chemicals like sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda which can be

transported anywhere.

Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants so these are

located at specific locations.

Q. Write four characteristics and four major uses of aluminium.

Answer:

Four characteristics of aluminium:

It is a light metal.

It is resistant to corrosion.

It is a good conductor of heat.

It is malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.

Four uses (importance) of aluminium.

It is used for manufacturing aircrafts.

It is used for making utensils and packing material.

It is used for making wires.

It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of

industries.

Q. Why are sugar mills shifting and concentrating in southern and western State of India?

Give reasons.

Answer:

Sugar Industry is shifting towards southern and western States, because:

Cane produced here has higher sucrose content.

The favourable climatic conditions (cooler climate) ensure a longer growing and crushing

season.

The Cooperatives are more successful in these States and sugar industry being seasonal in

nature, is ideally suited to cooperative sector.

Yield per hectare is higher in southern States.

Q. Explain the types of industries on the basis of ownership and give one example of each.

Answer:

Four types of industries based on ownership are:

Public Sector industries. They are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g. BHEL,

SAIL, etc.

Private Sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals,

e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

Joint Sector industries are jointly run by the Public (government) and Private Sector

(individuals), e.g. Oil India Ltd.

Cooperative Sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw

materials, workers, or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses

proportionately, e.g. sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir industry in Kerala.

Q. List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at a place. What is the key to

the decision of ‘factory location’?

Answer:

Raw material - Cheap and abundant availability of raw material. Industries which use heavy

and perishable raw material have to be located close to the source of raw material.

Labour- Availability of cheap labour is necessary for keeping the cost of production low.

Power- Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary for continuity in the

production process.

Capital- It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing process

and for meeting manufacturing expenditure.

Banking and insurance facilities, favourable government policies are other factors which

affect location of an industry.