Class X

Chapter: Power Sharing Q. Define the term Ethnic and brief about the ethnic composition of Belgium. Answer Ethnic means a social division based on shared culture and common descent. People belonging to an ethnic group may not necessarily share the same religion or nationality. Belgium is a small country in Europe, having a population of a little over one crore. Its ethnic composition is as follows- 1.    59 percent of the country’s total population lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. 2.    Another 40 percent of people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.The remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German. 3.    In the Belgian capital, Brussels, 80 percent of the population is French-speaking and 20 percent is Dutch-speaking. Q. Analyze how majoritarianism has increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils? Answer Majoritarianism increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils. This is known on ac...

 Chapter - Agriculture Q Distinguish between Rabi and Kharif Crops? Answer : Rabi Kharif 1. Rabi is sown in October-November. 1. It is sown with the onset of monsoon in June or early July. 2. The crops depend upon the moisture of sub-soil. 2. The crops depend upon monsoons. 3. The harvesting of crops is done in April-May. 3. The harvesting of crops is done in October-November. 4. The important crops are wheat, gram, mustard oil seeds, etc. 4. The important crops are rice, millets, maize, groundnut, jute, etc. Write main characteristics of ‘slash and burn’ or Primitive Subsistence Farming agriculture. Answer: ● This type of farming is practised in few pockets of India on small patches of land using primitive tools and family/community labour. ● Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their families. ● When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows nature to r...

Chapter: Money and credit  Answer the following questions Q. What is Barter system? Explain this system with an example. Ans. Barter System: In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. When both parties have to agree to sell, buy and ready to exchange each other’s commodities are called double coincidence of wants.    Example : A Shoe seller sells his shoe in exchange o f wheat. In this case, both parties i.e., shoe seller and wheat producers have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. This is barter system and this system requires double coincidence of want. Q. Mention the short comings of the barter system that led to the evolution of money? Ans.  A. Exchanging of goods was difficult. Demand of two persons for each other’s commodity should have risen at the same time, other wise exchange was not possible. This is known as double coincidence of want. B. It is a time ...

Chapter 6 Political Parties Q. Describe the three components of a political party. Answer: Components of a political party are:  The leaders The leaders are recruited and trained by parties. They are made ministers to run the government. The big policy decisions are taken by the political executives that come from the political parties.  Active Members   Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread over the country. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinion.  The followers The followers are the ordinary citizens, who believe in the policies of their respective party and give popular support through elections. Often the opinion of the followers crystallise on the lines parties take. Q. Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy”. Analyse the s...

 Chapter: Print and Culture Answer the following questions Many historians argued that the conditions within which French Revolution occurred were created by the print culture”. Support this statement with three suitable arguments. Answer: Following are the arguments which were given in support of the above statement: 1 Print popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau, and those who read these books, started Question ing everything and developed critical and rational thinking.  2 These thinkers attacked the sacred authority of the Church and despotic power of the State. All existing values, norms and institutions, which were never Question ed earlier, were revalued through debates and discussions by the public in print. 3 By 1780s, there was an outpour of literature that mocked royalty and criticised their morality. The existing social order was criticised. Through cartoons and caricatures, they made people aware that while common people were goin...

 Mineral and Energy Resources Q Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples. Answer: Ferrous minerals: Ferrous minerals account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals to Japan and South Korea after meeting her internal demands. Non-ferrous minerals: India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries. Non-ferrous minerals like copper and bauxite are mainly found in Madhya Pradesh and Odisha respectively. Q Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.” Comment. (2011 OD) Answer: 1. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a ship, all are made from minerals. ...

 Chapter: Outcomes of Democracy Q ‘A democratic government is a legitimate government.’ Support the statement with arguments. Answer: A democratic government is a legitimate government because of the following reasons. 1 It may be slow, less efficient or not always responsive or clean, but it is people’s own government. 2 It has planned institutions and practices for its functioning, such as: free and fair elections, regular public debates, right to information to citizens, planned legislations. 3 In a democracy, decisions are taken in a very transparent manner citizens have the chance to examine the process of decision-making. Q ‘Democracy accommodates social diversities.’ Support the statement with examples. Answer: Democracy accommodates social diversities in the following ways. 1 Democracy develops competitive attitude: Democracy develops a procedure to conduct competition among social classes. This reduces the possibility of conflicts and social tensions. 2 Democracy evolves m...

Chapter: Globalisation Q 1. What do you mean by a Multi National Corporation (MNC)? Explain their production technique? Ans. A multinational corporation is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. Ex:- Hindustan Lever Limited, Ford Motors. The MNCs set up offices and factories in those regions where labour and other resource are available at cheap rates. So they can reduce cost of production and earn more profits. Q 2. What are the factors which influence the setting up of the units of Multi National Corporations (MNCs)? Ans. Factors which influence the setting up of the units of MNCs are- a. Closeness to the market. b. Availability of skilled labour at cheap rate. c. Availability of raw materials at cheep rate. d. Favourable Govt. policies. Q3. What is called investment? The money which is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipments is called investment. Q4 What are the various ways in which MNCs set up or control production in ...

Chapter: Manufacturing Industries  Q. Explain how do industries cause air pollution. Answer: Air pollution is caused by the industries in the following ways: The presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the smoke emitted from the industries causes air pollution. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects, e.g., Bhopal gas leak tragedy. Q. Suggest measures to control air pollution caused by industries. Answer: Measures to control air pollution: (i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators etc. (ii) Equipments to control aerosol emissions can be used in in...

Chapter: Lifeline of Indian Economy  Q. Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for the fast development of the country.” Express your views in favour of this statement. Answer: India is well linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size and diversities because of efficient means of transport and communication. They are rightly called the lifelines or arteries of a nation because: Economic development of a country depends on the well developed and efficient means of transport and communication. They are indispensable for movement of people, goods and services from one place to another. They have contributed to socio-economic progress in many ways by connecting far flung areas of the country. They have enriched all aspects of our lives — social, cultural, individual and economic. They promote trade, tourism and business thus adding value to the economy. Transport and communication have made possible international trade which is essential for every economy as no coun...

Chapter: The Making Of Global World  Q. What role did the ‘Silk route’ play in linking distant parts of the world?  Answer: The routes on which cargoes carried Chinese silk to the west were known as ‘Silk routes’. (i) Historians have discovered several silk routes over land and by sea, covering vast regions of Asia and connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa. Even pottery from China, textile and spices from India and South Asia also travelled the same route. (ii) In return, precious metals like gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia. The traders along with trading items carried knowledge, ideas, values, skills, inventions, lifestyles, food habits, religious beliefs, etc. (iii) Culturally, Buddhism emerged from Eastern India and spread in several directions through the silk routes. Thus, silk route not only played a major role in linking distant parts of the world, but also promoted pre-modern trade and cultural links. Q. Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th C...